Results | Lab on Institutional Corruption

Milovanovitch, M. (2013). Fighting corruption in education: a call for sector integrity standards. Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2358480

Summary. Education today is a high-stake sector and increasingly vulnerable to corruption. Yet, despite all efforts there is still no certainty on how to best protect it from “harm”. The problem is partially due to a lack of consensus on what constitutes malpractice in education. The article argues in favor of mobilizing new insights from education research and anti-corruption policy for the development of sector standards of integral behavior. It discusses a systemic, service based approach around which this could be done and the responsibility of education practitioners and policy makers in the endeavor. It also suggests that measures to prevent corruption in education should be more sector-specific and target not only criminal offenses, but also “softer”, yet equally harmful forms of malpractice.

Mosquera, M. (2013, November 13). Preferences of types of corruption: a rational choice model. Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics. https://ethics.harvard.edu/blog/preferences-types-corruption

Summary. By arranging the types of relational corruption most frequently found in Latin American countries from a rational agent perspective, it is possible to identify the corrupt practices that cause considerable damage to institutions as well as to society.

Mosquera, M. (2013, October 8). Companies capture. Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics. https://ethics.harvard.edu/blog/companies-capture

Summary. Weak public procurement processes in some Latin American countries are undermined in order to fund party politics. This situation presents new methodologies of, and a wide scope for, institutional corruption because it involves, among other things, the creation of ad hoc corporations to establish corrupt relationships with the government.

Contreras, J. M., Banaji, M. R., & Mitchell, J. P. (2013). Multivoxel patterns in fusiform face area differentiate faces by sex and race. PLoS ONE, 8(7), e69684. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069684

Winters, M. S., & Weitz-Shapiro, R. (2013). Lacking information or condoning corruption: when do voters support corrupt politicians? Comparative Politics, 45(4), 418–436. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041513X13815259182857

Summary. A survey experiment that examines whether voters forgive corruption when they learn that politicians otherwise performed well in office. For the most part, they do not.

Kesselheim, A. S., Robertson, C. T., Siri, K., Batra, P., & Franklin, J. M. (2013). Distributions of industry payments to Massachusetts physicians. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(22), 2049–2052. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1302723

Marks, J. (2013, May 23). The perils of public-private partnerships. https://ethics.harvard.edu/blog/perils-public-private-partnerships

Summary. This blog uses a hypothetical case study (based on real-world examples) to show how partnerships with fast food companies can undermine public health and imperil the integrity of public health agencies.

Marks, J. H. (2013). What’s the big deal? : the ethics of public-private partnerships related to food and health (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 2268079). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2268079

Summary. This working paper explores the concept of “institutional corruption,” and shows how the concept may illuminate the systemic ethical implications of public-private partnerships involving the food and soda industries.

Kesselheim, A. S., Mello, M. M., & Avorn, J. (2013). FDA regulation of off-label drug promotion under attack. JAMA, 309(5), 445. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.207972

Banaji, M. (2013). Our bounded rationality. In J. Brockman (Ed.), This explains everything: Deep, beautiful, and elegant theories of how the world works (pp. 94–95). Harper Perennial.

Carrier, E. R., Reschovsky, J. D., Katz, D. A., & Mello, M. M. (2013). High physician concern about malpractice risk predicts more aggressive diagnostic testing in office-based practice. Health Affairs, 32(8), 1383–1391. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0233

Summary. Explores how liability concerns influence physicians to order tests that patients don’t need.

Contreras, J. M., Schirmer, J., Banaji, M. R., & Mitchell, J. P. (2013). Common brain regions with distinct patterns of neural responses during mentalizing about groups and individuals. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25(9), 1406–1417. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00403

Summary. An individual has a mind; a group does not. Yet humans routinely endow groups with mental states irreducible to any of their members (e.g., “scientists hope to understand every aspect of nature”). But are these mental states categorically similar to those we attribute to individuals? In two fMRI experiments, we tested this question against a set of brain regions that are consistently associated with social cognition—medial pFC, anterior temporal lobe, TPJ, and medial parietal cortex. Participants alternately answered questions about the mental states and physical attributes of individual people and groups. Regions previously associated with mentalizing about individuals were also robustly responsive to judgments of groups, suggesting that perceivers deploy the same social-cognitive processes when thinking about the mind of an individual and the “mind” of a group. However, multivariate searchlight analysis revealed that several of these regions showed distinct multivoxel patterns of response to groups and individual people, suggesting that perceivers maintain distinct representations of groups and individuals during mental state inferences. These findings suggest that perceivers mentalize about groups in a manner qualitatively similar to mentalizing about individual people, but that the brain nevertheless maintains important distinctions between the representations of such entities.

Dunham, Y., Chen, E. E., & Banaji, M. R. (2013). Two signatures of implicit intergroup attitudes: developmental invariance and early enculturation. Psychological Science, 24(6), 860–868. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612463081

Gagnon, M.-A. (2013). Corruption of pharmaceutical markets: addressing the misalignment of financial incentives and public health. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 41(3), 571–580. https://doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12066

Hardin, C. D., & Banaji, M. R. (2013). The nature of implicit prejudice: Implications for personal and public policy. In The behavioral foundations of public policy (pp. 13–31). Princeton University Press.

Summary. In this chapter, we address the topics of stereotyping and prejudice, staying firmly within the bounds of what science has demonstrated. However, in keeping with the mission of this book, we spell out what we see to be some obvious, and also some less obvious, tentacles to questions of public policy. We posed the following questions to ourselves: What are the broad lessons learned that have changed our understanding of human nature and social relations in recent decades? In what way does the new view run counter to long-held assumptions? How should policy involving intergroup relations proceed in light of these discoveries? And, can we speak about "personal policies" that may emerge from the education of individuals about the constraints and flexibility of their own minds while also considering the notion of policy in the usual "public" sense? Our contention is that personal arid public policy discussions regarding prejudice and discrimination are too often-based on an outdated notion of the nature of prejudice. Most continue to view prejudice as it was formulated generations ago: negative attitudes about social groups and their members rooted in ignorance and perpetuated by individuals motivated-by animus and hatred. The primary implication of the old view was that prejudice is best addressed by changing the hearts and minds of individuals, for good-hearted people will think well of others and behave accordingly. However, research in recent years demonstrates that the old view of prejudice is incomplete, even dangerously so. Staying with it would lead to policy choices that might be ineffectual, or worse. Staying with it would be akin to ignoring the evidence on smoking and cancer. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)

Heiphetz, L., Spelke, E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2013). Patterns of implicit and explicit attitudes in children and adults: Tests in the domain of religion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(3), 864–879. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029714

Heiphetz, L., Spelke, E. S., Harris, P. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2013). The development of reasoning about beliefs: Fact, preference, and ideology. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), 559–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.09.005

Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Banaji, M. R. (2013). Status boundary enforcement and the categorization of black–white biracials. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(5), 940–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.04.010

Kubota, J. T., Li, J., Bar-David, E., Banaji, M. R., & Phelps, E. A. (2013). The price of racial bias: intergroup negotiations in the ultimatum game. Psychological Science, 24(12), 2498–2504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613496435

Marks, J. H. (2013). Objects closer than they appear: regulating health-based advertising of food. The American Journal of Bioethics, 13(5), 23–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2013.776135

Summary. This piece explores the similarities and differences between the ethical and regulatory issues raised by direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs and those raised by the promotion of foods for their purported health-benefits.

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